6^th International Conference on Hematology

Date:October 03-05, 2016

Venue:Orlando, Florida, USA

Hematology 2016 has been designed with many interesting and informative scientific sessions; it includes all possible aspects of Hematology research.

Hematology

Erythrocytes are also known as red blood cells which carry oxygen to the body and collect carbon dioxide from the body by the use of hemoglobin and its life span of 120 days. along the side the leucocytes helps in protecting the healthy cells because the W.B.C (leucocytes) act as the defending cells in protecting the immune system from the foreign cells. These leucocytes are multipotent cells in bone marrow and there life span is of 3-4 days where the yellow blood cells are called as thrombocytes they are where small and irregular in shape they have life span of 5-9 days they are mostly seen in mammals they help in clotting of blood which are in fibrin form called as thrombosis these lead to heart stroke, blockage of blood in blood mostly in arms and legs. where C.B.C is known as complete blood count is done to know the number of cells in a body these are mainly done by lab technician presently they are been tested by automatic analyzer the high and low amount of cells will lead to many diseases. Decrease of R.B.C  in the body these causes of anemia which leads to weakness, feeling of tired, shortness of breath and person will be noticeably pale. Formation of blood cellular components are called as Hematopoiesis and all the cellular blood components are derived from hematopoiesis stem cells in a healthy individual nearly 10¹¹–10¹²  new blood cells are produced these help in steady peripheral circulation. If there is a increases of R.B.C in the body these causes polycythemia these can be measured through hematocrit level.

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Blood Disorders

Hemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII, which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males. About 70% of the time it is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, but around 30% of cases arise from spontaneous mutations. Hemophilia B  is a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the factor IX gene, leading to a deficiency of factor IX. It is the second-most common form of haemophilia, rarer than haemophilia A. It is sometimes called Christmas disease, named after Stephen Christmas, the first patient described with this disease.In addition, the first report of its identification was published in the Christmas edition of the British Medical Journal. Hemophilia C  is a mild form of haemophilia affecting both sexes. However, it predominantly occurs in Jews of Ashkenazi descent. It is the fourth most common coagulation disorder after von Willebrand's disease and haemophilia A and B. In the USA it is thought to affect 1 in 100,000 of the adult population, making it 10% as common as haemophilia A. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as immune thrombocytopenia, primary immune thrombocytopenia,primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura or autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, is defined as isolated low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) with normal bone marrow and the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia Von Willebrand diseases is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans. Platelets also called "thrombocytes" are blood cells whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clogging blood vessel injuries. Platelets have no cell nucleus: Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology; in all mammals, coagulation involves both a cellular (platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor) component and these are occoured due to genetic blood disorders

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Hematologic Malignancies

Lymphatic leukemia which effect the white blood cells(w.b.c) they are closely related to the lymphomas and some of them are unitary diseases which related to the adult T cells leukemia these come under the lymphoproliferative disorders. Mostly they involve in the B-cell sub type lymphocytes. The myeloid leukemia is preferred to the granulocyte precursor in the bone marrow and spinal cord and these arises the abnormal growth in the blood from tissues in the bone marrow. They are mainly related to the hematopoietic cells and these sub title into acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. The acute leukemia is that rapidly producing immature blood cells as they are bulk number of cells healthy cells are not produced in bone marrow due this spill over the blood stream which spread to other body parts. Where as in chronic leukemia highly bulid of  matured cells are formed but still abnormal white cells are formed these can not be treated immediately mostly seen in older people. The cancer which originate from white blood cells are called as lymphoma and this disorder is mainly seen in Hodgkin lymphoma these diseases is treated by radiation and chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The cancer which starts with in the cell are called as Non Hodgkin lymphocytes and these lymphocytes are of lymph nodes. The bone marrow which develops too many white blood cells leads to multiple myleoma. The further details on malignance are been discussed in Hematology oncology conference-2015.   

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Hematology and immunology

Blood groups are of ABO type and but at present the Rh blood grouping of 50 well defined  antigens in which 5 are more important they are D,C,c,E and e and Rh factors are of Rh positive and Rh negative which refers to the D-antigen. These D-antigen helps in prevention of erythroblast fetalis  lacking of Rh antigen it defined as negative and presences of Rh antigen in blood leads to positive these leads to rh incompatibility. The prevention treatment of diseases related to the blood is called as the Hematology. The hematologists conduct works on cancer to. The disorder of immune system leading to hypersensitivity is called as Clinical Immunology and the abnormal growth of an infection are known as Inflammation and the arise of an abnormal immune response to the body or an immune suppression are known as Auto immune disorder. The stem cell therapy is used to treat or prevent a disease or a condition mostly Bone marrow stem cell therapy is seen and recently umbilical cord therapy Stem cell transplantation strategies remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications; it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases.

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Blood Transplantation

The umbilical cord is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with  nutrient-rich blood from the placenta The hematopoitic bone marrow transplant, the HSC are removed from a large bone of the donor, typically the pelvis, through a large needlethat reaches the center of the bone. Acute myeloid leukemia  is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells and the Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. The Hemostatic is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel this is the first stage of wound healing. Metabolic syndrome is a disorder of energy utilization and storage, diagnosed by a co-occurrence of three out of five of the following medical conditions, obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

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Diagnosis and Treatment

Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to specialised medical care for people with serious illnesses The spleen, similar in structure to a large lymph node, acts as a blood filter. Anticoagulants (antithrombics) are a class of drugs that work to prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as test  tubes ,blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment. An  vena cava filter  is a type of vascular filter, a medical device that is implanted by interventional radiologists or vascular surgeons into the inferior vena cava to presumably prevent life-threatening pulmonary emboli is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body. The subspecialty of oncology that focuses on radiotherapy is called radiation oncology. Translational research is another term for translated research and translational science, Applying knowledge from basic science is a major stumbling block in science, partially due to the compartmentalization within science. Targeted drug delivery is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others.

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New Drug Development in Haematology

The development of antibiotic resistance in particular stems from the drugs targeting only specific bacterial molecules. Because the drug is so specific, any mutation in these molecules will interfere with or negate its destructive effect, resulting in antibiotic resistance. Known as Drug delivery Conditions treated with combination therapy include tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. One major benefit of combination therapies is that they reduce development of drug resistance, since a pathogen or tumor is less likely to have resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously. Artemisinin-based monotherapies for malaria are explicitly discouraged to avoid the problem of developing resistance to the newer treatment. Drug Induced Blood Disorders causes of sickle cell anemia,pale skin non steroids anti inflammatory drugs which causes ulcers Using drug repositioning, pharmaceutical companies have achieved a number successes, for example Pfizer's Viagra in erectile dysfunction and Celgene's thalidomide in severe erythema nodosum leprosum. Smaller companies, including Ore Pharmaceuticals, Biovista, Numedicus, Melior Discovery and SOM Biotech are also performing drug repositioning on a systematic basis. These companies use a combination of approaches including in silico biology and in vivo/in vitro experimentation to assess a compound and develop and confirm hypotheses concerning its usage for new indications.

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Hematology Research

Lymphatic diseases this is a type of cancer of the lymphatic system. It can start almost any where in the body. It's believed to be caused by HIV, Epstein-Barr Syndrome, age and family history. Symptoms include weight loss, fever, swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, itchy skin, fatigue, chest pain, coughing and/or trouble swallowing. The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph  directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin. Unlike the cardiovascular system the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 litres of blood per day through capillary filtrationwhich removes plasma while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma get reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining 3 litres are left behind in the interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus 3 litres. Lymphatic diseases are of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Hodgkins. The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells or T lymphocytes mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. One of the example of lymph node development. Formation of lymph node into the tumor which lead to cancer called oncology.

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Various Aspects of Haematology

Pediatric Haematology and Oncology is an international peer-reviewed medical journal that covers all aspects of pediatrichematology and oncology. The journal covers immunology, pathology, and pharmacology in relation to blood diseases and cancer in children and shows how basic experimental research can contribute to the understanding of clinical problems. Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists. Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope, interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage the hematology laboratory. Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists. Experimental Hematology is a peer-reviewed medical journal of hematology, which publishes original research articles and reviews, as well as the abstracts of the annual proceedings of the Society for Hematology and Stem Cells and they should be done under the Hematology guidlines.

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Blood Based Products

A blood substitute  is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another. Thus far, there are no well-accepted oxygen-carrying blood substitutes, which is the typical objective of a red blood cell transfusion; however, there are widely available non-blood volume expanders for cases where only volume restoration is required. These are helping doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of Jehovah's Witnesses and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and UV light is a method by which infectious pathogens in blood for transfusion are inactivated by adding riboflavin and irradiating withUV light. This method reduces the infectious levels of disease-causing agents that may be found in donated blood components, while still maintaining good quality blood components for transfusion. This type of approach to increase blood safety is also known as “pathogen inactivation” in the industry. An artificial cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. The term does not refer to a specific physical entity, but rather to the idea that certain functions or structures of biological cells can be replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity. Often, artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials. As such, nanoparticles, liposomes, polymersomes, microcapsules and a number of other particles have qualified as artificial cells. Manufacturing of semi synthetic products of drugs are known as therapeutic biological products. Anticoagulants (antithrombics) are a class of drugs that work to prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood. Such substances occur naturally in leeches and blood-sucking insects.

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